The gut microbiome plays a fundamental role in human health and nutrition, as supported by a growing body of scientific literature. Notably, the gut microbiota and its metabolites have been linked with a variety of chronic conditions, creating new possibilities for gut microbiome modulation-based interventions such as prebiotics, probiotics and postbiotics to maintain health and prevent and treat diseases (1). Fruits and vegetables, with their prebiotic (dietary fiber) and polyphenol content, not only play a crucial role in nutrition but also have the potential to positively influence the gut microbiome, improve gut health, and aid in the prevention and treatment of numerous chronic diseases (2, 3). However, the in-depth mechanisms of action of fruits, vegetables, prebiotics, probiotics and postbiotics on the gut microbiome are still speculative and require further investigation. This Research Topic encompasses eight papers on the regulation of the gut microbiome by fruits, vegetables, and dietary fiber, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms of action, with a specific focus on developing innovative prebiotic, probiotic, and postbiotic interventions for various health applications.